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General Morphology Reference List

This reference list concerns books and articles in English on General Morphology, its methodology and applications. It is not, of course, complete. It will be updated periodically and we welcome any relevant additions. Contact us at:

Álvarez, A. (2014). "The Norris Brothers Ltd. morphological approach to engineering design - an early example of applied morphological analysis." Acta Morphological Generalis, Vol. 3, No. 2. [Download PDF]

Álvarez, A. & Ritchey, T. (2015). "Applications of General Morphological Analysis: From Engineering Design to Policy Analysis", Acta Morphologica Generalis, Vol.4 No.1. [Download PDF]

Akgun, I. (2015) "Likelihood Estimation of Intentional Events in Risk Management: Evidence Based Intelligent Morphological Analysis Approach", in Kahraman, C. & Çevik Onar, S. (Eds.) (2055) Intelligent Techniques in Engineering Management, Springer: Intelligent Systems Reference Library (87).

Arciszewski, T. (1985) "Decision-Making Parameters and Their Computer-Aided Morphological Analysis for Wind Bracings in Steel Skeleton Structures". Advances in Tall Buildings, Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company.

Arciszewski, T.(1987) "Mathematical Modelling of Morphological Analysis", Mathematical Modelling, Volume 8, Pages 52-56.

Ayres, Robert U. (1969) "Morphological Analysis", inTechnological Forecasting and Long Range Planning, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1969, Chap. 5, pp. 72-93.

Belaziz, M., Bouras, A. & Brun, J-M (2000) "Morphological analysis for product design", Computer-aided Design - CAD , 32(5-6).

Bezerra, C. & Owen C. L. (2000) "Evolutionary Structured Planning. A Computer-Supported Methodology for the Conceptual Planning Process", in Gero, J. (ed.) (2000) Artificial Intelligence in Design'00, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Bridgewater, A. V.: "Morphological Methods - Principles and Practice." Technological Forecasting. R. V. Arnfield, ed. Conference on Technological Forecasting, University of Strathclyde, 1968. Edinburgh: University Press, 1969, pp. 241-252.

Bridgewater, A. V. "Long Range Process Design and Morphological Analysis." The Chemical Engineer, April 1968, pp. CE 75-CE 81.

Card, S.K., Mackinlay, J.D. & Robertson, G.G. (1991) "A Morphological Analysis of the Design Space of Input Devices", ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 9(2). Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.

Chen, J. and Lai, Ch. (2010) "The theory of morphological analysis applied to western apparel?a case study of Renaissance era", International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 10(4)

Correia da Silva, L. (2011) "Morphological Analysis of the Introduction of Electric Vehicles in São Paulo's Urban Traffic", Future Studies Research Journal, São Paulo, 3(1).

Coyle, R.G.: Practical Strategy: A Structured Approach and Techniques, Pearson Education, London, 2004.

Coyle, R. G., Crawshay, R. and Sutton, L.: Futures Assessments by Field Anomaly Relaxation, Futures 26(1), 25-43 (1994).

Coyle, R. G., McGlone, G. R.: Projection Scenarios for South-east Asia and the South-west Pacific, Futures 27(1), 65-79 (1995).

Coyle, R.G. and Yong, Y. C.: A Scenario Projection for the South China Sea. Futures 28 (3), 269-283 (1996).

Dartnall, J. & Johnston, S. (2004) "Trend-Morph-PDS: A Methodology for Innovative (Mechanical) Engineering Design". ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, Volume 3 (2004), Manchester.

de Waal, A. & Ritchey, T.: Combining morphological analysis and Bayesian networks for strategic decision support, ORiON, Volume 23 (2), pp. 105–121 (2007). [Download PDF]

Eriksson, T. & Ritchey, T.: Scenario Development Using Computerized Morphological Analysis, Presented at the Winchester International OR Conference, England, 2002. [See Ritchey, 2009 below]

Evbuomwan, N. (1997) "Generation of Design Solutions using Morphological Analysis", International Conference on Engineering Design, Iced 97, Tampere.

Feng, X & Fuhai, L. (2012) "Patent text mining and informetric-based patent technology morphological analysis: an empirical study", Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 24(5).

Frow, P., Nenonen, S., Payne, A. & Storbacka, K (2015) "Managing Co-creation Design: A Strategic Approach to Innovation", British Journal of Management, DOI: 10.1111/1467-8551.12087

Gerardin, L: "Morphological Analysis: A Method for Creativity." A Guide to Practical Technological Forecasting. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

Glenn, J. & Gordon, T. (eds.) (2009). The Millennium Project: Futures Research Methodology, Version 3.0, Chapter 17: "Morphological Analysis", The Millennium Project.

Gogu, G. (2005) "Evolutionary Morphology", in Bramley, A, Brissaud, D., Coutellier, D. & McMahon , C. (2005) Advances in Integrated Design and Manufacturing in Mechanical Engineering, Springer.

Grant, D.P. "How to Construct a Morphological Box". Journal of Design Methods and Theories, Vol. 11, No. 3. (1977).

Gregory, S. A. "Morphological Methods: Antecedents and Associates." Technological Forecasting, Some Techniques. Symposium at Aston University, Birmingham, September 9 and 10, 1969.

Gregory, S.A. "The Shape of Ends and Means: Some Aspects of Morphological Analysis". Proceedings of ASLIB Conference, Oxford, U.K.(1974)

Hall, Arthur D. "Three-Dimensional Morphology of Systems Engineering." IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, April 1969, pp. 156-160.

Hussain, N., Garvey, B. & Ritchey, T. (1913)"SWOT Analysis using General Morphological Analysis: Application to the Specials Sector for new Business Drivers", European Journal of Industrial Pharmacy, Volume 15. [Download PDF]

Im, K & Cho, H (2013) "A systematic approach for developing a new business model using morphological analysis and integrated fuzzy approach", Expert Systems with Applications, 40(11).

Isakson, S. & Ritchey, T.: "Protection against Sabotage of Nuclear Facilities: Using Morphological Analysis in Revising the Design Basis Threat". Adapted from a Study for the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate, and presented to the 44th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management - Phoenix, Arizona, July 2003 [Download PDF]

Jantsch, E. (1967) Technological forecasting in perspective, OECD, Paris.

Jimenez, H. & Mavris, D. (2010) "An Evolution of Morphological Analysis Applications in Systems Engineering", Proceedings of the 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, Orlando, Florida.

Jimenez, H., Stults, I. & Mavris, D. (2009) "A Morphological Approach for Proactive Risk Management in Civil Aviation Security", Proceedings of the 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Orlando.

Jones, H. (1976). "Morphology and creativity in technological forecasting". R&D Management, Volume 6, Issue 3, pp. 125-130.

Kannengiesser, U. (2009) "An Ontological Basis for Design Methods", in Undisciplined! Design Research Society Conference 2008, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield.

Kannengiesser, U., Williams, C. & Gero, J.S. (2013) "What Do the Concept Generation Techniques of Triz, Morphological Analysis and Brainstorming have in Common?", International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED 13, Seoul.

Kosow, H. & Gaßner, R. (2008) "Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis. Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria". Studies / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik.

Kumar, J.A. & Ganesh, L.S. (2009) "Research on knowledge transfer in organizations: a morphology", Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(4).

Kuriakose, K.K, Raj, B., Satya Murty, S.A.V., Swaminathan, P. (2010) "Knowledge Management Maturity Models - A Morphological Analysis", Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 11(3).

Lee, J. & Hong, Y. (2011) "A Morphological Approach to Business Model Creation using Case-Based Reasoning", Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED 11, Technical University of Denmark.

Leenen, L., Modise, M. & le Roux, H. (2009) "A model for peace support operations: an overview of the ICT and interoperability requirements", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Warfare and Security, Cape Town, South Africa.

Levin, M. S. (2012) "Morphological methods for design of modular systems (a survey)", arXiv:1201.1712v1.

Morén, L., Ritchey, T. & Stenström, M. Handling of future human actions in the safety assessment of a deep nuclear repository. Edited translation of the Swedish report SKB R-98-54 to the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., October 2006 [Download PDF]

Müller-Merbach, H.: The Use of Morphological Techniques for OR-Approaches to Problems. In: Operations Research 75. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford. North-Holland Publishing Company, pp. 127-139 (1976).

Norris, K. W. (1963) "The Morphological Approach to Engineering Design", Conference on Design Methods, in J. C. Jones and D. G. Thornley (eds) (1963), Conference on Design Methods, New York: Macmillan

O'Neal, C. (1970) "New approaches to technological forecasting- Morphological analysis: An integrative approach", Business Horizons, 13(6).

Ostertagova, E., Ková, J., Ostertag, O., Malega, P. (2012). "Application of Morphological Analysis in the Design of Production Systems", Procedia Engineering, Vol. 48, pp. 507-512.

Petrusel, R. & Mocean, L. (2007) "Modeling decisional situations using morphological analysis". Informatica Economica, 4 (44).

Plauché, M., de Waal, A., Grover, A S. & Gumede, T. (2010) "Morphological Analysis: A Method for Selecting ICT Applications in South African Government Service Delivery", Information Technologies & International Development, 6(1).

Proctor, R. (1991) "The Importance of Creativity in the Management Field", British Journal of Management, 2(4).

Proposka, A. (2001) "Application of Morphological Analysis Methodology in Architectural Design", Acta Polytechnica, 41(1).

Rhyne, R.: Whole-Pattern Futures Projection, Using Field Anomaly Relaxation, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 19, 331-360 (1981).

Rhyne, R.: Field Anomaly Relaxation - The Arts of Usage, Futures 27 (6), 657-674 (1995a).

Rhyne, R.: Evaluating Alternative Indonesian Sea-Sovereignty Systems, Informs: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (1995b).

Rickards, T. "Designing for Creativity: A State of the Art Review". Design Studies, Vol. 11, No. 5, U.K. (1980).

Ritchey, T. (1991)."Analysis and Synthesis - On Scientific Method based on a Study by Bernhard Riemann". Systems Research 8(4), 21-41 (1991). Download reprint: [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (1997). "Scenario Development and Risk Management using Morphological Field Analysis". Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Information Systems (Cork: Cork Publishing Company) Vol. 3:1053-1059 (1997).

Ritchey, T. (1998). "Fritz Zwicky, 'Morphologie' and Policy Analysis", Paper presented at the 16th Euro Conference on Operational Analysis, Brussels, July 1998.

Ritchey, T. (1998). "Morphological Analysis - A general method for non-quantified modeling". Adapted from a paper presented at the 16th Euro Conference on Operational Analysis, Brussels, July 1998. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.(2002). "Modeling Complex Socio-Technical Systems using Morphological Analysis", Adapted from an address to the Swedish Parliamentary IT Commission, Stockholm, December 2002. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2003). "Nuclear Facilities and Sabotage: Using Morphological Analysis as a Scenario and Strategy Development Laboratory", Adapted from a Study for the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate, and presented to the 44th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management - Phoenix, Arizona, July 2003. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2004). "Strategic Decision Support using Computerised Morphological Analysis", Presented at the 9th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Copenhagen, September 14-16, 2004.[Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2004). "Wicked Problems. Structuring Social Messes with Morphological Analysis". Adapted from a lecture given at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2005). "Futures Studies using Morphological Analysis". Adapted from an Article for the UN University Millennium Project: Futures Research Methodology Series. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2006). "Problem Structuring using Computer-Aided Morphological Analysis". Journal of the Operational Research Society (2006) 57, 792-801. Available as a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version: [Download PDF]. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available online at: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jors/journal/v57/n7/abs/2602177a.html

Ritchey, T. (2006). "Modeling Multi-Hazard Disaster Reduction Strategies with Computer-Aided Morphological Analysis". Reprint from the Proceedings of the 3rd International ISCRAM Conference, Newark, NJ (USA). [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2007). "Threat Analysis for the Transport of Radioactive Material using Morphological Analysis". Presented at the 15th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials, PATRAM 2007, Miami; later published in Packaging, Transport, Storage & Security of Radioactive Material, Volume 20, Number 1, 2009, London: Maney Publishing. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.(2009). "Developing Scenario Laboratories with Computer-Aided Morphological Analysis". 14th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Washington DC. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2010). "Specifying Training and Instruction Requirements using Morphological Analysis". Paper presented at ICELW 2010, Columbia University, New York [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2011). Wicked Problems/Social Messes: Decision support Modelling with Morphological Analysis. Springer: Berlin.

Ritchey, T. (2011). "Modelling Alternative Futures with General Morphological Analysis", World Future Review, Spring 2011, pp. 83-94.

Ritchey, T. (2012). "Outline for a Morphology of Modelling Methods: Contribution to a General Theory of Modelling". Acta Morphologica Generalis, Vol.1 No.1. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2012). "On The Formal Properties of Morphological Models". Acta Morphologica Generalis, Vol.1 No.2 (2012). [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2012). BOOK REVIEW: "Fritz Zwicky: An Extraordinary Astrophysicist". Acta Morphologica Generalis, Vol.1 No.3 (2012). [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2013). "Morphological Gap-Analysis: Using GMA to find the Δ". Acta Morphologica Generalis, Vol.2 No.2 (2013). [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2014). "Four Models about Decision Support Modeling". Acta Morphologica Generalis, Vol.3 No.1 (2014). [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2014). "On a Morphology of Theories of Emergence", Acta Morphologica Generalis (AMG) Vol.3 No.3. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2015). "Applications of General Morphological Analysis: From Engineering Design to Policy Analysis", Acta Morphologica Generalis (AMG) Vol.4 No.1. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T. (2015). "Principles of Cross-Consistency Assessment in Morphological Modelling", Acta Morphologica Generalis (AMG) Vol.4 No.2. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T., Stenström, M. & Eriksson, H.: Using Morphological Analysis to Evaluate Preparedness for Accidents Involving Hazardous Materials. Study for the Swedish Rescue Services Board, presented at the 4th International Conference for Local Authorities, Shanghai, November, 2002. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T., Lövkvist-Andersen, A., Olsson, R. & Stenström, M.: Modelling Society's Capacity to Manage Extraordinary Events. Developing a Generic Design Basis (GDB) Model for Extraordinary Societal Events using Computer-Aided Morphological Analysis. Adapted from a paper presented at the SRA (Society for Risk Analysis) Conference in Paris 15-17 November, 2004. [Download PDF]

Royston, G. "Morphological Analysis and the Development of the Brewing Process." Technological Forecasting, Some Techniques. Symposium at Aston University, Birmingham, September 9 and 10, 1969.

Roy, A. & Garg, J.K. (2014). "Risk Management Using Morphological Field Analysis: A Case Study From Nellore District, India", in A.P. Pradeepkumar, F.J. Behr, F.T. Illiyas and E. Shaji (eds.): Proceedings of the 2nd Disaster, Risk and Vulnerability Conference 2014. Dept of Geology, Uni Kerala, Trivandrum, India.

Seidenstricker, S. & Linder C. (2014) "A morphological analysis-based creativity approach to identify and develop ideas for BMI", International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 18(5).

Seidenstricker, S., Scheuerle, S. & Linder, C. (2014). "Business Model Prototyping - Using the Morphological Analysis to Develop New Business Models", Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 148.

Sharif, A. & Irani, Z. (2006) "Applying a fuzzy-morphological approach to complexity within management decision-making", Management Decision, 44(7).

Stenström, M. & Ritchey, T.: Scenario and Strategy Laboratories for an Extended Producer Responsibility System. Adaption of a report to the Swedish Ministry of the Environment, April 2004. [Download PDF]

Stenström, M., Westrin, P. & Ritchey, T.: Living with UXO -- Using Morphological Analysis for Decision Support in Phasing out Military Firing Ranges. Summary of Report to the Swedish Armed Forces UXO Program, Stockholm, March 2004. [Download PDF]

Stöckli, A. & Müller, R.. Fritz Zwicky – An Extraordinary Astrophysicist. Cambridge Scientific Publishers, Cambridge, 2011. ISBN 978-1-904868-78-1

Storbacka, K. & Nenonen, S. (2012) "Competitive Arena Mapping: Market Innovation using Morphological Analysis in Business Markets", Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 19(3).

Taylor, T. (1967) "Preliminary survey on non-national nuclear threats", Stanford Research Institute Technical Note SSC-TN-5205-83.

Technology Futures Analysis Methods Working Group (2004) "Technology futures analysis: Toward integration of the field and new methods", Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 71(3).

The Futures Group International (1994) "Relevance tree and morphological analysis", Futures Research Methods, V. 2.0, AC/UNU Millennium Project, 1994.

Turley, R., Richardson, W. and Hansen, J. (1975) "Morphological analysis for health care systems planning", Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 9(2).

Villegas Medina, G., Pham, M. & , Marquis-Favre, W. (2009) "A Modified Zwicky's Morphological Analysis: Application to the design of a robotic laparoscope," Proceedings of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE), (22).

Voros J. Morphological prospection: Profiling the shapes of things to come. Foresight 2009;11(6).

Watts, R. D.: "Some Theoretical Principles in Morphological Analysis." Technological Forecasting, Some Techniques. Symposium at Aston University, Birmingham, September 9 and 10, 1969.

Weber, R.G. & Condor, S.S. (1989). "Conceptual design using a synergistically compatible morphological matrix", FIE '98 Proceedings of the 28th Annual Frontiers in Education, Vol. 01, pp. 171-176

Wild, P.: "Fritz Zwicky", in Morphological Cosmology, Lecture Notes in Physics, Volume 332, p. 391-398

Williams, P. & Bowden, F. (2013). "Dynamic Morphological Exploration". Proceeding of the 22nd National Conference of the Australian Society for Operations Research, Adelaide, Australia. [Available at: http://www.asor.org.au/conferences/asor2013/J7/williams.pdf.]

Wills, R. J., and Hawthone, E. P. "Morphological Methods Applied to Metalworking Processes." In Technological Forecasting, Some Techniques. Symposium at Aston University, Birmingham,September 9 and 10, 1969.

Wissema, J.G (1976). "Morphological analysis: Its application to a company TF investigation", Futures, Volume 8, Issue 2, pp.146-153

Yoon, B. & Park, Y. (2005) "A systematic approach for identifying technology opportunities: Keyword-based morphology analysis", Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 72(2).

Yoon, B., & Park, Y. (2007): Development of New Technology Forecasting Algorithm: Hybrid Approach for Morphology Analysis and Conjoint Analysis of Patent Information, Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on, 54, p. 588-599.

Zeiler, W. & Savanovic, P. (2009) "Morphological analysis of design concepts emergence in design meetings", Proceedings the 17th International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED 09.

Zeiler,W. (2011) "Morphological Analysis of a Sustainable School Design", Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED 11, Technical University of Denmark.

Zheng,W., Kankaanranta, J. & Suominen, A. (2012) "Morphological analysis of technologies using multidimensional scaling", Journal of Business Chemistry, 9(3).

Zwicky, F.: "Morphology and Nomenclature of Jet Engines", Aeronautical Engineering Review. Vol. 6, No 6., June 1947, s. 49-50.

Zwicky, F.: "The Morphological Method of Analysis and Construction", Courant. Anniversary Volume. New York: Intersciences Publish., 1948, pp. 461-470.

Zwicky, F.: "Morphology of aerial propulsion", Helvetica Physica Acta. Vol. XXI, Heft 5, 1948, S. 299-340.

Zwicky, F.: "Morphological Astronomy", The Observatory. Vol. 68, No. 845, Aug. 1948, S. 121-143. [Download in PDF] Thanks to The Obseravtory.

Zwicky, F.: Morphology of Scientific Research and Engineering Invention, 28.3.1951 New York, Pestalozzi Foundation of America and Alumni of the Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich.

Zwicky, F. "Tasks we face." J. Amer. Rocket Science, 84, (March, 1951)

Zwicky, Fritz. Morphology of Propulsive Power. Monographs on Morphological Research, No. 1 Pasadena, California: Society for Morphological Research, 1962.

Zwicky, F.: "Morphology of Justice in the Space Age and the Boundaries of Outer Space", Astronautica Acta, Vol. 14, 1969, S. 615-626.

Zwicky, F.: Discovery, Invention, Research - Through the Morphological Approach, Toronto: The Macmillian Company (1969).

Zwicky, F. & Wilson A. (eds.): New Methods of Thought and Procedure: Contributions to the Symposium on Methodologies. Berlin: Springer (1967). [Download Zwicky's contribution, PDF] Thanks to the Swiss Fritz Zwicky Foundation.

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Morphological Analysis Reference List