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General Morphology Reference List

This reference list concerns books and articles in English on General Morphology, its methodology and applications. It is not, of course, complete. It will be updated periodically and we welcome any relevant additions. Contact us at:

Arciszewski T.: "Mathematical Modeling of Morphological Analysis," in Mathematical Modeling in Science and Technology, Proceedings of the International Conference on Mathematical Modeling, Berkeley, California, 1985, pp. 52-56.

Arciszewski, T.: Decision-Making Parameters and Their Computer-Aided Morphological Analysis for Wind Bracings in Steel Skeleton Structures. Advances in Tall Buildings, Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company, 1985.

Ayres, Robert U. "Morphological Analysis." Technological Forecasting and Long Range Planning. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1969, Chap. 5, pp. 72-93.

Bailey, K.: Typologies and Taxonomies - An Introduction to Classification Techniques, Sage University Papers: Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks (1994).

Bezerra, C. & Owen C. L. "Evolutionary Structured Planning. A Computer-Supported Methodology for the Conceptual Planning Process. In JS Gero (ed.). Artificial Intelligence in Design'00, pp. 287-307 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 2000.

Bridgewater, A. V.: "Morphological Methods - Principles and Practice." Technological Forecasting. R. V. Arnfield, ed. Conference on Technological Forecasting, University of Strathclyde, 1968. Edinburgh: University Press, 1969, pp. 241-252.

Byungun Yoon and Yongtae Park. Development of New Technology Forecasting Algorithm: Hybrid Approach for MorphologyAnalysis and Conjoint Analysis of Patent Information. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 54, No. 3, August 2007.

Coyle, R.G.: Practical Strategy: A Structured Approach and Techniques, Pearson Education, London, 2004.

Coyle, R. G., Crawshay, R. and Sutton, L.: Futures Assessments by Field Anomaly Relaxation, Futures 26(1), 25-43 (1994).

Coyle, R. G., McGlone, G. R.: Projection Scenarios for South-east Asia and the South-west Pacific, Futures 27(1), 65-79 (1995).

Coyle, R.G. and Yong, Y. C.: A Scenario Projection for the South China Sea. Futures 28 (3), 269-283 (1996).

de Waal, A. & Ritchey, T.: Combining morphological analysis and Bayesian networks for strategic decision support, ORiON, Volume 23 (2), pp. 105–121 (2007). [Download PDF]

de Sousa, N.M.A. "Pico de Hubbert - Análise Morfológica aplicada à Gestão do Risco". Trabalho de Projecto da Licenciatura de Engenharia da Protecção Civil. Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências, 2001.

Doty, D. H. & Glick, W.: "Typologies as a Unique Form of Theory Building", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 19, No.2 (1994) (Argues -- successfully -- that Typology Analysis is not simply a categorization method, but is a theory building and hypothesis generation method)

Eriksson, T. & Ritchey, T.: Scenario Development Using Computerized Morphological Analysis, Presented at the Winchester International OR Conference, England, 2002. [Download PDF]

Grant, D.P.: "How to Construct a Morphological Box". Journal of Design Methods and Theories, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1977.

Gerardin, L.: “Morphological Analysis: A Method for Creativity”, in Bright, J. & Schoeman, M (eds), A Practical Guide to Technological Forecasting (1973), Prentice Hall

Gregory, S. A.: "Morphological Methods: Antecedents and Associates." Technological Forecasting, Some Techniques. Symposium at Aston University, Birmingham, September 9 and 10, 1969.

Gregory, S.A.: The Shape of Ends and Means: Some Aspects of Morphological Analysis. Proceedings of ASLIB Conference, Oxford, U.K., 1974.

Hussain, N. & Ritchey, T.: "Achieving clarity in complex pharmaceutical problems: from innovation to policy formulation." European Industrial Pharmacy, Issue 10, September 2011.

Isakson, S. & Ritchey, T.: "Protection against Sabotage of Nuclear Facilities: Using Morphological Analysis in Revising the Design Basis Threat". Adapted from a Study for the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate, and presented to the 44th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management - Phoenix, Arizona, July 2003 [Download PDF]

Jimenez, H., Stults, I. & Mavris, D. "A Morphological Approach for Proactive Risk Management in Civil Aviation Security". 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 5 - 8 January 2009, Orlando, Florida.

Mavris, D. N., Pinon, O. J.& David, F. Systems Design and Modeling: A Visual Analytics Approach. 27th International Congress Of The Areonautical Sciences (ICAS), 2010.

Morén, L., Ritchey, T. & Stenström, M. "Handling of future human actions in the safety assessment of a deep nuclear repository". Edited translation of the Swedish report SKB R-98-54 to the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co., October 2006 [Download PDF]

Müller-Merbach, H.: The Use of Morphological Techniques for OR-Approaches to Problems. In: Operations Research 75. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford. North-Holland Publishing Company, pp. 127-139 (1976).

Norris, K. W.: "The morphological approach to engineering design", in J. C. Jones and D. G. Thornley (eds), Conference on Design Methods, Macmillan, New York, 1963, pp. 115-140.

Ostertagová E, Ková? J, Malega P. Application Of Morphological Analysis By Selection Of Material Flow Structure And Storage Allocation To Production System. The 4th International Conference Modelling Of Mechanical And Mechatronic Systems, Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University Of Košice, 2011.

Petrusel, R. & Mocean, L. Modeling Decisional Situations using Morphological Analysis. Revista Informatica Economic?, Nr. 4 (44)/2007.

Plauché. M., De Waal, A., Sharma Grover, A. & Gumede, T. "Morphological Analysis: A Method For Selecting ICT Applications In South African Government Service Delivery". USC Annenberg School For Communication & Journalism, 2010.

Rhyne, R.: Whole-Pattern Futures Projection, Using Field Anomaly Relaxation, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 19, 331-360 (1981).

Rhyne, R.: Field Anomaly Relaxation - The Arts of Usage, Futures 27 (6), 657-674 (1995a).

Rhyne, R.: Evaluating Alternative Indonesian Sea-Sovereignty Systems, Informs: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (1995b).

Ritchey, T.: Analysis and Synthesis - On Scientific Method based on a Study by Bernhard Riemann. Systems Research 8(4), 21-41 (1991). Download reprint: [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: "Scenario Development and Risk Management using Morphological Field Analysis". Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Information Systems (Cork: Cork Publishing Company) Vol. 3:1053-1059 (1997).

Ritchey, T.: "Fritz Zwicky, 'Morphologie' and Policy Analysis", Paper presented at the 16th Euro Conference on Operational Analysis, Brussels, July 1998.

Ritchey, T., "Morphological Analysis - A general method for non-quantified modeling". Adapted from a paper presented at the 16th Euro Conference on Operational Analysis, Brussels, July 1998. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: "Modeling Complex Socio-Technical Systems using Morphological Analysis", Adapted from an address to the Swedish Parliamentary IT Commission, Stockholm, December 2002. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.:"Nuclear Facilities and Sabotage: Using Morphological Analysis as a Scenario and Strategy Development Laboratory", Adapted from a Study for the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate, and presented to the 44th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management - Phoenix, Arizona, July 2003. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: "Strategic Decision Support using Computerised Morphological Analysis", Presented at the 9th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Copenhagen, September 14-16, 2004.[Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: "Wicked Problems. Structuring Social Messes with Morphological Analysis". Adapted from a lecture given at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, 2004. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: "Futures Studies using Morphological Analysis". Adapted from an Article for the UN University Millennium Project: Futures Research Methodology Series, 2005. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: "Problem Structuring using Computer-Aided Morphological Analysis". Journal of the Operational Research Society (2006) 57, 792-801. Available as a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version: [Download PDF]. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available online at: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jors/journal/v57/n7/abs/2602177a.html

Ritchey, T.: "Modeling Multi-Hazard Disaster Reduction Strategies with Computer-Aided Morphological Analysis". Reprint from the Proceedings of the 3rd International ISCRAM Conference, Newark, NJ (USA), May 2006. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: "Threat Analysis for the Transport of Radioactive Material using Morphological Analysis". Presented at the 15th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials, PATRAM 2007, Miami; later published in Packaging, Transport, Storage & Security of Radioactive Material, Volume 20, Number 1, 2009, London: Maney Publishing.

Ritchey, T. "Developing Scenario Laboratories with Computer-Aided Morphological Analysis". Presented at the 14th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium Washington DC - June 15-17, 2009 [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: "Specifying Training and Instruction Requirements using Morphological Analysis". Paper presented at ICELW 2010, Columbia University, June 2010, New York [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: Wicked Problems/Social Messes: Decision support Modelling with Morphological Analysis. Springer, Berlin, 2011. (NEW BOOK: See description at Springer.)

Ritchey, T.: "Modelling Alternative Futures with General Morphological Analysis". World Future Review, Spring 2011, pp. 83-94.[Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: "Outline for a Morphology of Modelling Methods: Contribution to a General Theory of Modelling". Acta Morphologica Generalis, Vol 1, No. 1, 2012. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: Stenström, M. & Eriksson, H.: Using Morphological Analysis to Evaluate Preparedness for Accidents Involving Hazardous Materials. Study for the Swedish Rescue Services Board, presented at the 4th International Conference for Local Authorities, Shanghai, November, 2002. [Download PDF]

Ritchey, T.: Lövkvist-Andersen, A., Olsson, R. & Stenström, M.: Modelling Society's Capacity to Manage Extraordinary Events. Developing a Generic Design Basis (GDB) Model for Extraordinary Societal Events using Computer-Aided Morphological Analysis. Adapted from a paper presented at the SRA (Society for Risk Analysis) Conference in Paris 15-17 November, 2004. [Download PDF]

Sharif, A. M. & and Irani, Z.: ”Applying a Fuzzy-Morphological approach to Complexity within management decision-making”. Information Systems Evaluation and Integration Group (ISEing), School of Information Systems, Computing and Mathematics, Brunel University (no date).

Stenström, M. & Ritchey, T.: Scenario and Strategy Laboratories for an Extended Producer Responsibility System. Adaption of a report to the Swedish Ministry of the Environment, April 2004. [Download PDF]

Stenström, M., Westrin, P. & Ritchey, T.: Living with UXO -- Using Morphological Analysis for Decision Support in Phasing out Military Firing Ranges. Summary of Report to the Swedish Armed Forces UXO Program, Stockholm, March 2004. [Download PDF]

Tubley, R. E. & Hansen, V. "Morphological Analysis for Health Care Systems Planning". Socio.econ. Plan. Sci. Vol 9, pp 83-888, Pergamon Press, 1975.

Veerasamy, N. & Eloff, J: The Application of Non-quantitative Modelling in the Analysis of a Network Warfare Environment. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 4,0 2008.

Voros J. Morphological prospection: Profiling the shapes of things to come. Foresight 2009;11(6).

Watts, R. D.: "Some Theoretical Principles in Morphological Analysis." Technological Forecasting, Some Techniques. Symposium at Aston University, Birmingham, September 9 and 10, 1969.

Wild, P.: "Fritz Zwicky", in Morphological Cosmology, Lecture Notes in Physics, Volume 332, p. 391-398

Yu, K., Nedelcheva, P. &, Hamuyela, j. "Application of Multilevel Morphological Analysis To The Synthesis Of Mechanisms Of Feeding And Clamping In Bar Machines", National Technical University of Ukraine, Undated.

Zwicky, F.: "Morphology and Nomenclature of Jet Engines", Aeronautical Engineering Review. Vol. 6, No 6., June 1947, s. 49-50.

Zwicky, F.: "The Morphological Method of Analysis and Construction", Courant. Anniversary Volume. New York: Intersciences Publish., 1948, pp. 461-470.

Zwicky, F.: "Morphology of aerial propulsion", Helvetica Physica Acta. Vol. XXI, Heft 5, 1948, S. 299-340.

Zwicky, F.: "Morphological Astronomy", The Observatory. Vol. 68, No. 845, Aug. 1948, S. 121-143. [Download in PDF] Thanks to The Obseravtory.

Zwicky, F.: Morphology of Scientific Research and Engineering Invention, 28.3.1951 New York, Pestalozzi Foundation of America and Alumni of the Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich.

Zwicky, F.: "Morphology of Justice in the Space Age and the Boundaries of Outer Space", Astronautica Acta, Vol. 14, 1969, S. 615-626.

Zwicky, F.: Discovery, Invention, Research - Through the Morphological Approach, Toronto: The Macmillian Company (1969).

Zwicky, F. & Wilson A. (eds.): New Methods of Thought and Procedure: Contributions to the Symposium on Methodologies. Berlin: Springer (1967). [Download Zwicky's contribution, PDF] Thanks to the Swiss Fritz Zwicky Foundation.

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Morphological Analysis Reference List